COVID -19 Vaccine the facts and starts
starting of the pandemic:
The first instances of COVID - 19 were reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The sickness has a devastating effect on the people, and it has fast spread over the globe (Lounis, 2020). The entire population at all phases of life is being affected by the Coronavirus pandemic, which is rising morbidity and mortality rates, making people fearful for their lives.
Based on International Health Regulations, the World Health Organization monitors and coordinates the international response to significant infectious disease outbreaks.
Started to innovate vaccine:
WHO is working on a COVID – 19 vaccination that will be used all over the world. Many countries examined the SARS-COV2 viral mutation to highlight the necessity of virus protection and share this information internationally to develop the vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) organizes research activities and analyses the impact of certain mutations on transmission, diagnosis, and vaccine.
Experiments with the live virus were conducted in advanced laboratories to determine the importance of vaccinations. Vaccine manufacturers are also attempting to comprehend the potential impact of viruses.
Types of vaccines innovated and companies:
The information about the design of the vaccine, which is
either mRNA, adenovirus vector, protein subunit, inactivated SARS CoV-2, or a
live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium Bovis.
1. BioNTech/Pfizer Vaccine (Germany/US).
BioNTech, a German business, and Pfizer, a US pharmaceutical behemoth, created a vaccine that has received a lot of attention. An mRNA vaccination is one in which a synthetic mRNA is administered and immediately converted into protein by the host. The technology was originally created for cancer immunotherapies, but mRNA is a relatively new class of medications that transmit genetic information. Because the RNA is transiently produced, swiftly metabolized, and does not integrate into the host genome, the mRNA vaccination is safe. Recently, 1-methylpseudouridine-modified mRNA has resulted in a longer-lasting antibody response.
2. Moderna Vaccine (US) :
mRNA-1273, a vaccine developed by the American company Moderna, is based on the similar premise of using mRNA to generate protein. Two proline alterations stabilize the spike protein in the prefusion conformation to improve immunogenicity. mRNA-1273 encodes the SARS CoV-2 glycoprotein with transmembrane anchor and intact S1 (binding)-S2 (fusion) cleavage site. Uridine is substituted with N1-methyl-pseudouridine to improve biostability. Ionizable lipid, stearoyl-sn-glycerol-3phosphocholine, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol-lipid are the four lipids that carry mRNA to human cells. mRNA-1273 produces anti-SARS CoV-2 antibody and T-cell responses and protects against infection with SARS-CoV-2. The protection of the upper and lower airways led to vaccination. There were no pathologic changes in the lungs as a result of it. The vaccine was tested on 45 healthy human adults between the ages of 18 and 55 in a phase I study, and 40 older persons in a phase II trial. Two 25 or 100 g intramuscular dosages were administered 28 days apart. In both age groups, antibody and virus neutralization responses were normal, and there were no safety concerns. The phase III experiment measures the first occurrence of COVID-19 at 14 days after injecting 100 g of mRNA-1273 on days 1 and 29. Adverse effects, local and systemic responses, and immunological response after the second dose. There are 30,000 participants in the trial, with 37% coming from minority communities and 42% from high-risk groups.
3. CanSino and Sinovac Vaccines (China):
In China, two vaccines are now being tested: one by the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (Beijing, China) and the other by CanSino Biologics (Tianjin, China). The human adenovirus Ad5 was used in both vaccinations. The Ad5 vector contains deletions in the E1 and E3 early genes, as well as full-length spike glycoprotein and the plasminogen activator signal peptide gene. First, experiments on mice revealed that it was highly beneficial in preventing COVID-19 illness. Following that, a phase I experiment with 108 people found that giving one intramuscular dose of the vaccine is safe and effective, with acceptable antibody and T-cell responses after 14 and 28 days. A dose of 1×1011 virus particles caused significant side effects in 9% of the participants in the phase II trial, hence 5×1010 virus particles were determined to be an effective dose for vaccination. The 500-person phase III trial examines the impact of a single vaccine with 5×1010 virus particles on COVID-19 incidence, illness severity, immunogenicity, side effects, serum chemistry, and blood counts.
The vaccinated BioNTech/Pfizer, Moderna, and Oxford/Astra Zeneca, claiming that their COVID -19 vaccinations were 90 percent effective. The advantages of mRNA medications include their ease of manufacture and low cost of manufacture. The first immunization phase targets healthcare providers and others in vulnerable groups. They stated that they would be willing to supply the vaccine to other countries in need. In China, the Sinovac vaccine's phase III study has recently begun, and 1 million patients have already been inoculated. Every individual on the planet had access to these immunizations. Convincing people to take vaccines to protect themselves from diseases will be one of the most difficult issues the world will face, and every step forward in vaccine research will help.
References:
Khasawneh,A., Abu Humeidan,A.,
Alsulaiman,J., Bloukh,S., Ramadan,M., Al-Shatanawi,T., Awad,H., Hijazi,W., Al-Kammash,K., Obeidat, N.,Saleh,T.,&Kheirallah,
K.( 2020) Medical Students and COVID-19: Knowledge, Attitudes, and
Precautionary Measures. A Descriptive Study From Jordan, Frontiers in public
health, Jordan https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00253
Lounis M. (2020), Descriptive Study of the Current Situation of
COVID-19 in Algeria. Electron J Gen Med. 17(6):em253. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/8287
Prüβ, B ( 2021) Current State of the First COVID-19 Vaccines, MDPI,
Basel, Switzerland
https://doi.org/10.3390/
vaccines9010030
Wood,
C.( 2020) Infections without borders: a
new coronavirus in Wuhan, China, Birmingham
City
University, British Journal of Nursing, Vol
29,
World
Health Organization, (2021) COVID-19 vaccination FOR SAGE DECISION ON 5th
JANUARY 2021 Progress update and for
decision Recommendation on the first mRNA vaccine
BNT162b2, retrieved from
Jingzhen.L.(2021)
Chinese Covid- 19 Vaccine Efficacy Better than Expected interview with Mr. Liu
Jingzhen, chairman of Sinopharm, China
retrieved from :
http://www.sinopharm.com/en/s/1395-4173-38923.html